Understanding Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options
When certain nerve cells in the brain become damaged, weaken and die, this can lead to impaired balance, stiffness and tremors – which are all symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Those diagnosed with this progressive nervous system disorder may have difficulty walking, talking or completing simple tasks. However, understanding the causes, symptoms and treatment options can help support PD patients.
What causes Parkinson’s disease?
While PD cases can be without a known cause, some can be traced to specific risk factors, including:
- Age. The average age of PD patients is early to mid-60s, but there’s a small percentage of early-onset cases diagnosed before 50.
- Biological sex. PD affects more men than women.
- Genetics. Those with one or more close relative diagnosed with PD have an increased risk.
- Environmental exposure. Studies show more PD cases in rural areas with exposure to certain toxins and pesticides.
Since PD is a slow, progressive disorder, it’s not easy to predict how it will affect an individual. Some may not realize they have the condition and will continue to carry on as usual. Others may adjust their environment to accommodate symptoms. PD affects different people in different ways, but there are some telltale signs to monitor.
Parkinson’s disease symptoms
The most common PD symptoms stem from the loss of neurons near the base of the brain – where dopamine is produced – which disturbs the signals that control smooth movement. The rate of progression and severity of these symptoms can range from patient to patient. Here are some of the early signs of Parkinson’s disease:
- Tremors. Slight shaking often begins in the hands but can also affect the feet and jaw. Shaking is more obvious when the person is resting or under stress, and it may be improved when they make a purposeful movement or while they are sleeping.
- Rigidity. Stiff muscles and resistance to movement may cause cramps, aches, jerky motions and greater risk for falls.
- Bradykinesia. Movement can slow to the point where simple tasks – such as washing and dressing – are more difficult. Facial muscles may also relax and become less expressive (known as "masked face").
- Parkinsonian gait. PD patients have the tendency to lean forward and take small, quick steps as if hurrying. One or both arms may also swing less while walking. There may be hesitation before moving and even sudden stops.
While these PD symptoms typically begin on one side of the body, it can eventually spread to both sides, but one side is often less severe than the other. In addition to difficulty moving, Parkinson’s patients may also experience the following:
- Mental and emotional health issues, including depression or anxiety
- Difficulty swallowing and chewing
- Speaking quickly, quietly, monotone or slurring
- Urinary issues or constipation
- Oily face and scalp, dry skin or excessive sweating
- Restless sleep and drowsiness
- Dementia or other cognitive issues
- Orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressue that occurs upon standing)
Since some of these symptoms can be caused by other factors, it’s important to talk to a medical professional for a more thorough evaluation and diagnosis.
Receiving a Parkinson’s disease diagnosis
There is currently no specific screening focused on diagnosing PD. The determination is made based on the following factors:
- Medical history
- Neurological exam
- Genetic testing
- Laboratory tests and brain imaging to rule out other disorders
Once diagnosed, treatment options will depend on what stage a patient is in. While some options may help alleviate certain symptoms, late-stage conditions may not respond to medications. It’s important to monitor the progression to help prevent serious complications.
Parkinson’s disease medications and other treatment options
While there’s currently no cure for PD, there are medications, surgery and other therapies that can help improve movement and other related issues.
- Prescriptions that increase dopamine levels in the brain
- Surgery to selectively alter specific parts of the brain
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) to help block PD-causing motor signals
- Lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and exercise
- Physical, occupational and speech therapies
- Hypnosis, massage therapy or acupuncture
At first, symptoms may improve after treatment, but there’s a chance of relapse over time. This is why all treatment plans should be tailored to the individual patient. It may take time to get the prescription dosage and combination of therapies right. Patience is key and support is paramount. Support groups can help patients and families cope with the physical and emotional impact. Once you understand the cause, symptoms and available options, you can make a more informed decision about proper care.